Introduction
By 2025, web scraping has shifted from “rotate some IPs and switch user agents” to a full‑scale technical arms race. Modern anti‑bot platforms combine TLS fingerprinting, behavioral analytics, and machine‑learning models to distinguish automated traffic from real users with high accuracy (Bobes, 2025). At the same time, access to high‑quality proxies and AI‑assisted scraping tools has broadened, enabling even small teams to run sophisticated data collection operations.